What is an alteration in a DNA sequence that can affect genetic information called?

An alteration in a DNA sequence that can affect genetic information is referred to as a mutation. Mutations can occur in various forms, such as point mutations, insertions, deletions, or duplications, and they can lead to changes in protein production or function, which can ultimately impact an organism's traits. These alterations can arise from errors during DNA replication, environmental factors, or can be inherited from previous generations. The fundamental role of mutations in genetic variation is significant, as they are a source of diversity within populations and can contribute to evolution. Understanding mutations is crucial in genetics, as they can play a role in diseases, adaptation, and species evolution.

Translocation refers to a specific type of chromosomal aberration where a segment of DNA is relocated to a different position on the same or another chromosome; replication is the process of copying DNA; and splicing involves the modification of RNA after transcription, which does not directly change the DNA sequence itself.